| Larch: Data Analysis Tools for X-ray Spectroscopy

# 9.7. XAFS: Reading and using Feff Paths

For modeling EXAFS data, Larch relies heavily on calculations of theoretical XAFS spectra using FEFF. Being able to run FEFF and use its results is of fundamental importance for using Larch for fitting EXAFS spectra. While a complete description of FEFF ([Larch_7], [Larch_8], [Larch_9]) is beyond the scope of this documentation, here we describe how to read the results from FEFF into Larch. The main interface for this is the `feffpath()` function that reads FEFF feffNNNN.dat file and creates a FeffPath Group.

## 9.7.1. Running Feff

Larch provides functions for running Feff6l and Feff85l as an external programs.

### 9.7.1.1. Running Feff6l with `feff6l()`

`_xafs.``feff6l`(folder='.', feffinp='feff.inp', verbose=True)

  run Feff6 in the supplied folder.

  Parameters: | folder – name of folder containing the Feff6 input file, and where to put the output files [‘.’, the current working directory] feffinp – name of feff.inp file within the supplied folder [‘feff.inp’] verbose – flag controlling screen output from Feff [True]
  Returns: | a FeffRunner Group.

This will generate a number of outputs, including the feffNNNN.dat files containing the data for each scattering path.

### 9.7.1.2. Running Feff85l with `feffrunner()`

The incorporation of Feff85Lite in Larch is still in development, but is ntended to make the executables from the feff85exafs package easy to use and a seamless drop-in replacement for Feff6l. The FeffRunner tool is quite flexible and can be used to run specific modules from feff85exafs or other versions of Feff that you might have on your computer.

`_xafs.``feffrunner`(feffinp=None, verbose=True, repo=None)

  create a FeffRunner Group from a feff.inp file.

  Parameters: | feffinp – name (full path of) feff.inp file verbose – flag controlling screen output from Feff [True] repo – full path of the location of the feff85exafs repository [None]
  Returns: | a FeffRunner Group.

`feffrunner.``run`(exe)

  run Feff for FeffRunner Group.

  Parameters: | exe – the name of the Feff program to be run [run all of feff85exafs]
  Returns: | None when Feff is run successfully or an Exception when a problem in encoiuntered

The simplest example of its use is

    feff = feffrunner('path/to/feff.inp')
    feff.run()

The feff.inp file is specified when the Group is created, then feff85exafs is run in the same folder as the feff.inp file. In this case, since no argument is given to the run() method, the various modules of feff85exafs are run in sequence. This behaves much like the monolithic Feff executables of yore.

The feff85exafs modules (rdinp, pot, xsph, pathfinder, genfmt, and ff2x) can be be run individually

    feff = feffrunner('path/to/feff.inp')
    feff.run('rdinp')
    feff.run('pot')
    ## and so on ...

To specifically use the feff85exafs modules from a local copy of the feff85exafs repository, do

    feff = feffrunner('path/to/feff.inp')
    feff.repo = '/home/bruce/git/feff85exafs'
    feff.run()

The `repo` attribute is used when working on feff85exafs itself. For example, the feff85exafs unit tests set the `repo` attribute so that the just-compiled versions of the programs get used.

If you have an executable for some other version of Feff in a location that in your shell’s execution path and it is called something like feff6, feff7, or any other name than begins with feff, that can be run as

    feff = feffrunner('path/to/feff.inp')
    feff.run('feff6') # or whatever your executable is called

If the _xafs._feff_executable symbol in Larch’s symbol table is set to a valid executable, then you can use that by doing

    feff = feffrunner('path/to/feff.inp')
    feff.run(None)

The feff.inp file need not be called by that name. FeffRunner will copy the specified file to feff.inp in the specified folder – taking care not to clobber an existing feff.inp file – before running Feff. Once finished, it will copy files back to their original names.

A log file called f85e.log is written in the same folder as the feff.inp. This log file captures all of the screen output (both STDOUT and STDERR) from Feff.

The full structure of the FeffRunner group looks something like this:

    == External Feff Group: Copper/testrun/feff.inp: 5 symbols ==
      feffinp: 'Copper/testrun/feff.inp'
      repo: None
      resolved: '/usr/local/bin/ff2x'
      run: <bound method FeffRunner.run of <External Feff Group: Copper/testrun/feff.inp>>
      verbose: True

The `resolved` attribute has the fully resolved path to the most recently run executable. This can be used to verify that the logic for executable resolution described above worked as intended.

## 9.7.2. `feffpath()` and FeffPath Groups

The outputs from Feff for each path are complicated enough to need a structured organization of data. This is accomplished by providing a special kind of a Larch Group – a FeffPath Group which holds all the information about a Feff Path, including the photo-electron scattering amplitudes and phase-shifts needed to describe and calculate the EXAFS for that Path. A FeffPath Group is created with the `feffpath()` group. For many uses a Feff Path can be treated as a “black box”, and simply setting the adjustable Path Parameters and passing around these Groups is sufficient for simulating and fitting EXAFS spectra.

At times it can be helpful to inspect and study the detailed components of the Feff Path. Since a FeffPath Group is a regular Larch Group, all the data can be read and viewed. A FeffPath Group has the components listed in the Table of Feff Path Parameters. This includes the Adjustable Numerical Path Parameters – the values of which can be changed to affect the calculated EXAFS for the Path – as well as the arrays for \(k\) and \(\chi\) and several other attributes. Since this Group is used to calculate \(\chi(k)\) for the path, many of the components need to be in place and holding the expected values so that the calculation can be done correctly, Due to Larch’s flexibility, it is possible to delete, overwrite, or put inappropriate values into the components of a FeffPath Group, and care must be taken to avoid this.

> Table of FeffPath Parameters, including the Path Parameters used in the EXAFS equation. The attributes here are arranged by category. The Info attributes are informational only. The two Numerical attributes `reff` and `nleg` are used in the EXAFS equation but are meant to be constants and their values should not be changed. The Adjustable attributes are the standard Adjustable, Numerical Path Parameters that can be changed to affect the resulting EXAFS \(\chi(k)\). These can be set either as constant values or fitting Parameters as defined by `_math.param()`. The Output array attributes are the arrays output from `path2chi()`. Finally, the sub-group `_feffdat` contains the low-level data as read directly from the feffNNNN.dat file, which is detailed in the next section, 9.7.4.

> attribute name | category | description
> --- | --- | ---
> filename | Info | name of feffNNNN.dat file
> label | Info | path description
> geom | Info | path geometry: list of (symbol, ipot, x, y, z)
> reff | Numerical | \(R_{\rm eff}\), nominal path length
> nleg | Numerical | number of path legs (1+number of scatterers)
> degen | Adjustable | \(N\), path degeneracy
> s02 | Adjustable | \(S_0^2\), amplitude reduction factor
> e0 | Adjustable | \(E_0\), energy origin
> deltar | Adjustable | \(\Delta R\), shift in path length
> sigma2 | Adjustable | \(\sigma^2\), mean-square displacement
> third | Adjustable | \(c_3\), third cumulant
> fourth | Adjustable | \(c_4\), the fourth cumulant
> ei | Adjustable | \(E_i\), imaginary energy shift.
> k | Output array | \(k\), photo-electron wavenumber
> chi | Output array | \(\chi\), the EXAFS
> chi_imag | Output array | \(\rm{Im}(\chi)\), imaginary EXAFS
> p | Output array | \(p\), complex photo-electron wavenumber
> _feffdat | Group | a Group containing raw data from feffNNNN.dat

`_xafs.``feffpath`(filename, label=None, s02=None, degen=None, e0=None, deltar=None, sigma2=None, ...)

  create a FeffPath Group from a feffNNNN.dat file.

  Parameters: | filename – name (full path of) feffNNNN.dat file label – label for path [file name] degen – path degeneracy, \(N\) [taken from file] s02 – \(S_0^2\) value or parameter [1.0] e0 – \(E_0\) value or parameter [0.0] deltar – \(\Delta R\) value or parameter [0.0] sigma2 – \(\sigma^2\) value or parameter [0.0] third – \(c_3\) value or parameter [0.0] fourth – \(c_4\) value or parameter [0.0] ei – \(E_i\) value or parameter [0.0]
  Returns: | a FeffPath Group.

For all the options described above with value or parameter either a numerical value or a Parameter (as created by `_math.param()`) can be given.

## 9.7.3. `path2chi()` and `ff2chi()`: Generating \(\chi(k)\) for a FeffPath

`_xafs.``path2chi`(path, paramgroup=None, kmax=None, kstep=0.05, k=None)

  calculate \(\chi(k)\) for a single Feff Path.

  Parameters: | path – a FeffPath Group paramgroup – a Parameter Group for calculating Path Parameters [`None`] kmax – maximum \(k\) value for \(\chi\) calculation [20]. kstep – step in \(k\) value for \(\chi\) calculation [0.05]. k – explicit array of \(k\) values to calculate \(\chi\).
  Returns: | `None`

If `k` is specified, that will be used as the set of \(k\) values at which to calculate \(\chi\). If not given, the values of `kstep` and `kmax` will be used to construct a uniformly-spaced array of \(k\) values starting at 0 and extending to (and including) `kmax`.

The calculated \(\chi\) array is placed in the Feff Path Group `path` as `path.chi`. In addition calculated arrays for \(k\), \(p\), and \(\rm{Im}(\chi)\) are placed in the variables `path.k`, `path.p`, and `path.chi_imag`, respectively. See 9.7.5 for the detailed definitions of the quantities.

If specified, `paramgroup` is used as the Parameter Group – the group used for evaluating parameter expressions (ie, constraints using named variables). This is similar to the use for `_math.minimize()` as discussed in 8.2.

`_xafs.``ff2chi`(pathlist, paramgroup=None, group=None, k=None, kmax=None, kstep=0.05)

  sum the \(\chi(k)\) for a list of FeffPath Groups.

  Parameters: | pathlist – a list of FeffPath Groups paramgroup – a Parameter Group for calculating Path Parameters [`None`] group – a Group to which the outputs are written [`None`] kmax – maximum \(k\) value for \(\chi\) calculation [20]. kstep – step in \(k\) value for \(\chi\) calculation [0.05]. k – explicit array of \(k\) values to calculate \(\chi\).
  Returns: | `None`

This essentially calls `path2chi()` for each of the paths in the `pathlist` and writes the resulting arrays for \(k\) and \(\chi\) the sum of \(\chi\) for all the paths) to `group.k` and `group.chi`.

## 9.7.4. The _feffdat Group: Full Details of the Feff.Dat File

Each FeffPath Group will have a `_feffdat` sub-group which contains the data from the underlying feffNNNN.dat file for the results of the Feff calculation. Many of the components of this group are used for the calculations of \(\chi(k)\) for that Path, though some (such as `exch` and `edge`) are kept only for informational purposes. Some components from this sub-group (notably as `geom` and `nleg`) are copied into the FeffPath Group. As with the FeffPath Group, this Group has an expected set of components that should be treated as read-only unless you really know what you’re doing.

> Table of Feff.dat components. Listed here is the component read from the Feff.dat file and stored in the `_feffdat` group for each FeffPath.

> attribute | description
> --- | ---
> amp | array: total amplitude, \(F_{\rm eff}(k)\)
> degen | path degeneracy (coordination number)
> edge | energy threshold relative to atomic valu (a poor estimate)
> exch | string describing electronic exchange model
> filename | File name
> gam_ch | core level energy width
> geom | path geometry: list of (Symbol, Z, ipot, x, y, z)
> k | array: k values, \(k_{\rm feff}\)
> kf | k value at Fermi level
> lam | array: mean-free path, \(\lambda(k)\)
> mag_feff | array: magnitude of Feff
> mu | Fermi level, eV
> pha | array: total phase shift, \(\delta(k)\)
> pha_feff | array: scattring phase shift
> potentials | path potentials: list of (ipot, z, r_MuffinTin, r_Norman)
> real_phc | array: central atom phase shift
> red_fact | array: amplitude reduction factor
> rep | array: real part of p, \(p_{\rm real}(k)\)
> rnorman | Norman radius
> rs_int | interstitial radius
> title | user title
> version | Feff version
> vint | interstitial potential

The arrays from the data columns of the Feff data file break up the amplitude and phase into two components (essentially as one for the central atom and one for the scattering atoms) that are simply added together. Thus `amp` = `red_fact` + `mag_feff` and the sum is used as \(F_{\rm eff}(k)\). Similarly, `pha` = `real_phc` + `pha_feff` and the sum is used as \(\delta(k)\).

## 9.7.5. The EXAFS Equation using Feff and FeffPath Groups

Now we are ready to write down the full EXAFS equation used for a Feff Path using the terms defined above in the Table of Feff Path Parameters and the Table of Feff.Dat Components. One of the trickier concepts is that we are evaluating at experimental values of \(k\) while the Feff calculation is tabulated on its own set of \(k\) values and we may need to apply an energy shift of \(E_0\) to the Feff calculation. Thus, first we find \(k\) as

\[k = \sqrt{k_{\rm feff}^2 - {2m_e E_0}/{\hbar^2} }\]

where \(E_0\) is taken from the `e0` parameter and \(k_{\rm feff}\) are the \(k\) values from Feff (`_feffdat.k`). This shifted \(k\) will be used to access the \(k\) dependent values from the Feff arrays. Next, we note that we need the complex wavenumber, defined as

\[p = p' + i p'' = \sqrt{ \big[ p_{\rm real}(k) - i / \lambda(k) \big]^2 - i \, 2 m_e E_i /{\hbar^2} }\]

where \(p_{\rm real}\) and \(\lambda\) are the values from Feff (`_feffdat.rep` and `_feffdat.lam`) and \(E_i\) is the complex energy shift from the parameter `ei`. Note that \(i\) is used as the complex number following the physics literature, while within Larch `1j` is used. The complex wavenumber \(p\) includes a self-energy term (due to the presence of multiple electrons in the system) and is meant to be referenced to the absorption threshod while \(k\) is meant to be referenced to the Fermi level. Thus \(p_{\rm real} \approx \Sigma + k\), where \(\Sigma\) is a small but usually positive offset. Within the EXAFS equation, \(k\) is used to restore the calculation of \(\chi(k)\) as done by Feff, while \(p\) is used to apply alterations to \(\chi(k)\) as for disorder terms.

The EXAFS equation used for constructing \(\chi(k)\) from a Feff calculation is then

\begin{eqnarray*} \chi(k) = & {\rm Im}\Bigl[ {\displaystyle{ \frac{f_{\rm eff}(k) N S_0^2} {k(R_{\rm eff} + \Delta R)^2} } \exp(-2p''R_{\rm reff} - 2p^2\sigma^2 + \textstyle{\frac{2}{3}}p^4 c_4)} \hspace{18mm} \,\, \\ &{\times \exp \bigl\{ i\big[ 2kR_{\rm eff} + \delta(k) + 2p(\Delta R - 2\sigma^2/R_{\rm eff} ) - \textstyle{\frac{4}{3}} p^3 c_3 \big] \bigr\} } \Bigr] \\ \end{eqnarray*}

where the terms are all defined above. Again, note that \(k\) is used to reconstruct the unaltered EXAFS from the Feff.dat file, and the complex \(p\) is used for the terms adding the effects of disorder. Also note that \(p''\) becomes \(\lambda(k)\) for \(E_i = 0\), and is the generalization of the mean-free-path contribution. The terms \(\Delta R\), \(\sigma^2\), \(c_3\), and \(c_4\) are the first four cumulants of the atomic pair distribution for the selected path. The additional term \(-2p(2\sigma^2/R_{\rm eff})\) in the phase is a correction to the cumulant expansion due to the averaging over the \(1/R^2\) term in the EXAFS equation.

The use of the cumulant expansion here does not necessarily imply that systems must be ordered enough for their atomic distributios to modeled by the cumulant expansion. All that is required is that contribution from each path be ordered enough for the cumulant expansion to work. A highly disordered system can be modeled by applying a more complex weighting to a set of paths – that is, a histogram of paths.

## 9.7.6. Models for Calculating \(\sigma^2\)

The value for \(\sigma^2\) in the EXAFS equation gets a lot of attention in the EXAFS literature, as it is often the only term used to account for thermal and static disorder in an ensemble of Paths that makes up a full EXAFS spectra. Borrowing from Feff (see [Larch_7], [Larch_10] and [Larch_9]) Larch provides two functions that use simple models to calculate \(\sigma^2\) for a Path. Both functions, `sigma2_eins()` and `sigma2_debye()` take arguments of sample temperature, a characteristic temperature, and a FeffPath, and return a value of \(\sigma^2\). These are known to appy reasonably well to very simple systems (such as metals and solids with few atomic components), and less well to complex systems, including anything with organic ligands.

..versionchanged:: 0.9.34
  removed _sys.paramGroup, now using fiteval

`_xafs.``sigma2_eins`(t, theta)

  calculate \(\sigma^2\) in the Einstein model.

  Parameters: | t – sample temperature (in K) theta – Einstein temperature (in K) path – a FeffPath Group [`None`]

The path argument can be left `None`. This will try to use the ‘’current FeffData group”, (_sys.fiteval.symtable._feffdat), which is updated during fits with `feffit()` and when summing paths with `ff2chi()`.

`_xafs.``sigma2_debye`(t, theta, path=None)

  calculate \(\sigma^2\) in the Debye model.

  Parameters: | t – sample temperature (in K) theta – Debye temperature (in K) path – a FeffPath Group [`None`]

As with `sigma2_eins, the `path()` argument can be left `None`, and the ‘’current FeffData group”, (_sys.fiteval.symtable._feffdat), will be used.

## 9.7.7. Example: Reading a FEFF file

Here we simply read a feffNNNN.dat file and display its components, and calculate \(\chi\) for this path with two different values of \(\sigma^2\).

    ## examples/feffit/doc_feffdat1.lar

    fname = 'feff0001.dat'
    path1 = feffpath(fname)

    path2chi(path1)
    show(path1)

    newplot(path1.k, path1.chi*path1.k**2, xlabel=r' $ k \rm\, (\AA^{-1})$',
            ylabel=r'$ k^2\chi(k)$', label = r'$\sigma^2 = 0$', show_legend=True,
            title=r'$\chi(k)$ from %s' % fname)

    path1.sigma2 = 0.002

    path2chi(path1)

    plot(path1.k, path1.chi*path1.k**2, label = r'$\sigma^2 = 0.002$')

    ## end examples/feffit/doc_feffdat1.lar

The output of this looks like this:

    == FeffPath Group feff0001.dat: 16 symbols ==
      _feffdat: <Feff.dat File Group: feff0001.dat>
      chi: array<shape=(401,), type=dtype('float64')>
      chi_imag: array<shape=(401,), type=dtype('float64')>
      degen: 12.0
      deltar: 0
      e0: 0
      ei: 0
      filename: 'feff0001.dat'
      fourth: 0
      geom: [('Cu', 29, 0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0), ('Cu', 29, 1, 0.0, -1.8016, 1.8016)]
      k: array<shape=(401,), type=dtype('float64')>
      label: 'feff0001.dat'
      p: array<shape=(401,), type=dtype('complex128')>
      s02: 1
      sigma2: 0
      third: 0

After the initial read, the values of `k`, `p`, `chi`, and `chi_imag` are set to `None`, and are not calculated until `path2chi()` is called.

Figure 9.7.1 Calculations of \(\chi(k)\) for a Feff Path.

We can also use the data from the `_feffdat` group to look at the individual scattering components. Thus to look at the scattering amplitude and mean-free-path for a particular scattering path, you could use a script like this:

    ## examples/feffit/doc_feffdat2.lar

    fname = 'feff0001.dat'
    path1 = feffpath(fname)

    newplot(path1._feffdat.k, path1._feffdat.amp, xlabel=r' $ k \rm\, (\AA^{-1})$',
            ylabel=r'$ |F_{\rm eff}(k)|$', label = r'amp', show_legend=True,
            title=r'components of _feffdat for %s' % fname,
            marker='o', markersize=4)

    plot(path1._feffdat.k, path1._feffdat.lam, side='right',
         marker='o', markersize=4,
         label = r'lam', y2label=r'$ \lambda(k) \rm\, (\AA)$')

    ## end examples/feffit/doc_feffdat2.lar

which will produce a plot like this:

Figure 9.7.2 Components of `_feffdat` group for a Feff Path.

You can see here that the arrays in the `_feffdat` group are sampled at varying \(k\) spacing, and that this spacing becomes fairly large at high \(k\).

## 9.7.8. Example: Adding FEFF files

Now, we add some FEFF files together, applying some path parameters. The example is actually very similar to the one above except that we use `ff2chi()` to create a \(\chi(k)\) from a list of paths, and put the result into its own group. Thus:

    ## examples/feffit/doc_feffdat3.lar

    # read some paths
    path1 = feffpath('feff_feo01.dat')
    path2 = feffpath('feff_feo02.dat')
    path3 = feffpath('feff_feo03.dat')
    path4 = feffpath('feff_feo04.dat')
    path5 = feffpath('feff_feo05.dat')

    # apply an e0 shift and s02 to all paths:
    for p in (path1, path2, path3, path4, path5):
        p.e0  = -0.5
        p.s02 =  0.9
    endfor

    path1.sigma2 = 0.003
    path2.sigma2 = 0.004
    path3.sigma2 = 0.006
    path4.sigma2 = 0.008
    path5.sigma2 = 0.008
    mysum = group(label='FeO sum of paths 1,2,3,4,5')

    ff2chi([path1, path2, path3, path4, path5], group=mysum)

    ## now, we can also simply sum paths 3,4,5...
    mysum.chi345 = path3.chi + path4.chi + path5.chi

    newplot(mysum.k, mysum.chi*mysum.k**2, label='sum(1,2,3,4,5)', show_legend=True,
            xlabel=r' $ k \rm\, (\AA^{-1})$',
            ylabel=r'$ k^2\chi(k)$',  title=mysum.label)

    plot(path1.k, -2.+path1.chi*path1.k**2, label='path1')
    plot(path2.k, -4+path2.chi*path2.k**2, label='path2')
    plot(path3.k, -6+mysum.chi345*path3.k**2, label='sum(3,4,5)')

    ## end examples/feffit/doc_feffdat3.lar

With the result as shown below. Note that we can also make a simple sum of a set of paths, which was done in this example to add the contributions of paths 3, 4, and 5. This works because `ff2chi()` runs `path2chi()` for each path to be summed, so that the `chi` component of the FeffPath group is up to date.

Figure 9.7.3 Results for sum of \(\chi(k)\) for list of paths.

## 9.7.9. Example: Using Path Parameters when adding FEFF files

Using Parameters for modelling data is a key feature of Larch, and if you are modelling XAFS data with Feff, you will want to parameterize Path Parameters, apply them to a set of Paths, and investigate the resulting sum of Paths. This is similar to the examples above, but combines the Parameter concept from the Fitting chapter. In Larch, this looks like:

    ## examples/feffit/doc_feffdat4.lar

    # read some paths
    path1 = feffpath('feff_feo01.dat')
    path2 = feffpath('feff_feo02.dat')

    # create a group containing parameters
    pars = group(del_e0  = param(-4.0, min=-10, max=10),
                 amp = param(0.8, min=0.3, max=1.5))

    for p in (path1, path2):
        p.e0  = 'del_e0'
        p.s02 = 'amp'
        p.sigma2 = 0.003
        if p == path2: p.sigma2 = 0.005
    endfor

    mysum = group(label='FeO sum of paths')

    ff2chi([path1, path2], group=mysum, paramgroup=pars)

    label='E0=%.1f, S02=%.1f' % (pars.del_e0.value, pars.amp.value)

    newplot(mysum.k, mysum.chi*mysum.k**2,
            label=label, show_legend=True,
            xlabel=r'$ k \rm\, (\AA^{-1})$',
            ylabel=r'$ k^2\chi(k)$',  title=mysum.label)

    # now change parameter values, re-do sum
    pars.del_e0.value = 3.5
    pars.amp.value = 1.0

    # re-calculate chi for each path with paramgroup set
    # then sum the paths ourselves

    path2chi(path1, paramgroup=pars)
    path2chi(path2, paramgroup=pars)

    mysum.chi_alt = path1.chi + path2.chi

    label='E0=%.1f, S02=%.1f' % (pars.del_e0.value, pars.amp.value)
    plot(mysum.k, mysum.chi_alt*mysum.k**2, label=label)

    ## end examples/feffit/doc_feffdat4.lar

After reading in the Feff data files, we have created a group `pars` of Parameters with `_math.param()`, specifically `pars.del_e0` and `pars.amp`. Then we set the `e0` path parameter for each path to the string `'del_e0'`, and the `amp` path parameter to `'amp'`. We set the `sigma2` values to simple numbers, as above.

Now, when running `ff2chi()`, we give not only a `group` to put the results in, but also a `paramgroup` to use as the parameters for evaluating any mathematical expressions we’ve defined for the path parameters. At this point, the strings `del_e0` and `amp` for the path parameters for path 1 and 2 are converted into Parameters and evaluated.

..versionchanged:: 0.9.34
  removed _sys.paramGroup, now using fiteval

After plotting the results, we then change the values of the parameters. We could re-run `ff2chi()`, but we can also just run `path2chi()` on the paths for which we want to recalculate \(\chi\). Note that we specify the `paramgroup` to `path2chi()` here.

Figure 9.7.4 Results for making 2 different sums of paths using parameterized Path Parameters

The resulting plot shows the effect of changing \(E_0\) and \(S_0^2\) for a sum of paths. The same result could be shown by just setting the path parameters to the appropriate numerical values, but the use of parameters makes this somewhat more general. As we will see in the next section, the use of parameters also allows us to easily refine their values in a fit of XAFS data to such a sum of paths.

References

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[Larch_9] | (1, 2) J. J. Rehr and R. C. Albers. Theoretical approaches to x-ray absorption fine-structure. Reviews of Modern Physics, 72(3):621–654, 2000. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.72.621.

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